Soda tax in Mexico. Salt limits in South Africa. Plain tobacco packaging in Australia. National health insurance in Ghana. Mandatory motorcycle helmets in Vietnam.
They’re just some of the hundreds of examples of the vital role the law plays in safeguarding and promoting good health around the world.
A new report from the International Development Law Organization (IDLO), in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO), the University of Sydney and Georgetown University in Washington, DC, describes the myriad ways in which the law makes a crucial difference to public health. The report features case studies from around the world on how the law has improved the health and safety of populations, providing a resource for countries to learn from the experience of others.
The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights mentions health as part of the right to an adequate standard of living and every country in the world has ratified at least one international human rights treaty recognizing the right to health. Moreover, countries have committed themselves to protecting this right through domestic legislation and policies.
“One of the most useful aspects of this report is that it links human rights to urgent public health challenges,” said David Patterson, the International Development Law Organization’s program manager for health law. “This approach, based on non-discrimination, participation, transparency and accountability, is the best way to ensure that responses are locally appropriate and sustainable. By framing health as a human right, we can engage a wider range of stakeholders beyond the traditional health sector, such as women’s groups, children’s rights organizations, labour organizations and faith communities.”
As far back as 1875, lawmakers in the United Kingdom passed legislation requiring landlords to provide proper sanitation, ventilation and drainage to stem the spread of infectious diseases. Today, the control of infectious diseases is one of the most powerful illustrations of how the law can make a difference to health. From smallpox to HIV/AIDS and more recent outbreaks of SARS and Ebola, public health laws can help to improve screening, reporting, contact tracing and quarantine, stemming the spread of infections.
“Some of the best examples in this report use population-wide interventions to reshape the environments in which people make their lifestyle choices,” said Dr Rüdiger Krech, Director of Health Systems and Innovation at the WHO in Geneva. “This requires extraordinary government commitment, courage and persistence in the face of powerful commercial interests.”
Health laws often make the headlines when they have a direct impact on the everyday consumption patterns of people, such as Mexico’s so-called soda tax introduced in 2014 to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. In the same vein, Australia’s plain packaging laws for tobacco products have become a global standard-bearer in the effort to reduce smoking rates.
“The use of law to reduce smoking has been one of the great public health achievements, but there is so much more we could do with unhealthy foods, excessive alcohol use, injuries, and mental health,” said Professor Lawrence Gostin, faculty director of the O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law at Georgetown University. “This report offers a pathway to using evidence-based legal interventions for human health and wellbeing.”
Countries also use the law in many unseen ways to strengthen health systems and help make progress towards universal health coverage. Some countries use laws to create the institutions that govern health systems, such as national health insurers, or the agencies that regulate medicines, or those that ensure quality health services are available to all people.
The law will be a vital tool for countries to make progress towards the health-related targets in the Sustainable Development Goals.
“There is tremendous, untapped potential to use law more effectively to strengthen health systems and change lives for the better,” said Professor Roger Magnusson, professor of health law and governance at the University of Sydney, and one of the report’s authors. “The law is a powerful tool to help people live longer and healthier lives, and for economies to be more resilient.”
While laws can help to protect health, their absence or neglect can expose entire populations to health threats. Weak regulation of tobacco products in some countries allows powerful companies to market those products unfettered and to recruit young smokers. At a global level, the International Health Regulations provide a legal framework for responding to public health emergencies of international concern. But the failure of some countries to comply with them puts the world at risk of potentially catastrophic outbreaks.
And unfortunately, the law can and has been used to harm health. Laws have been used to incarcerate people with mental illness and to deny them the rights and services they need. Likewise, travel restrictions during West Africa’s Ebola outbreak prevented medical personnel from getting into the affected countries, prolonging the epidemic.
But when harnessed to protect, promote and advance the right to health, the law can be a potent ally.
Launch Event: January 16, 2017
Information on the event to launch the report with a discussion panel on health, law and development with four of the authors and architects of this report here.
Report:
The full report is available for download here. Below is a list of individual chapters.
Access or download report by chapters
Part 1: ADVANCING THE RIGHT TO HEALTH THROUGH LAW REFORM
Part 2: THE PROCESS OF PUBLIC HEALTH LAW REFORM
- Chapter 2: The context of public health law reform activities
pdf, 3.64Mb - Chapter 3: Assessing the case for the reform of public health law
pdf, 7.17Mb - Chapter 4: Building blocks for effective public health laws
pdf, 5.22Mb - Chapter 5: Good governance in the process of public health law reform
pdf, 2.07Mb - Chapter 6: Coordinated, intersectoral action to improve public health
pdf, 7.55Mb
PART 3: PRIORITIES FOR PUBLIC HEALTH LAW REFORM
- Chapter 7: Achieving universal access to quality health services
pdf, 7.14Mb - Chapter 8: Clean water, sanitation and vector abatement
pdf, 5.26Mb - Chapter 9: Monitoring, surveillance, and investigation of health threats
pdf, 3.31Mb - Chapter 10: Controlling the spread of infectious diseases
pdf, 4.58Mb - Chapter 11: Public health emergencies
pdf, 5.30Mb - Chapter 12: Enabling environments to support healthy and safe behaviours
pdf, 3.71Mb - Chapter 13: Tobacco control
pdf, 7.82Mb - Chapter 14: Migration and retention of health care workers
pdf, 3.34Mb - Chapter 15: Access to essential medicines, TRIPS and the patent system
pdf, 8.12Mb - Chapter 16: Legal responses to poor nutrition: undernutrition, overweight and obesity
pdf, 9.80Mb - Chapter 17: Maternal, reproductive and child health
pdf, 6.22Mb
Achieving the 2030 Agenda: |
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Sustainable Development Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. Learn more |
Sustainable Development Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels. Learn more |